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Article History

Received: 17 March 2026

Accepted: 25 May 2026

First Online: 10 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. This study uses publicly available secondary macroeconomic data and involves no human participants, animals, or identifiable personal data; therefore, institutional ethics approval was not required. No human subjects were involved.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript contains no individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).

Human or animal rights statement: This study does not involve any human or animal participants, clinical interventions, or identifiable personal data that would require ethical clearance or consent.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.