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Authors
Yousuf, Abdirashid M.
Abdikarim, Hodo
Hussein, Mohamed A.
Warsame, Harun I.
Abdi, Abdikadir N.
Dahir, Hamze G.
Muse, Abdisalam Hassan
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Article History
Received: 12 February 2026
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 3 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study utilized publicly available secondary data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. Ethical approval was originally obtained by the Somalia National Bureau of Statistics (SNBS) prior to data collection. Permission to download and analyze the dataset was granted via the SNBS microdata portal. As the data is fully anonymized and contains no personal identifiers, further ethical approval for this specific secondary analysis was not required.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants by the primary survey administrators (SNBS) during the original data collection for the 2020 SHDS.
: Not applicable, as the manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.
: The authors declare no competing interest.
