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Authors
Hawlader, Md. Rasel https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9680-1286
Polas, Mohammad Rashed Hasan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6080-1075
Das, Ashik https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9031-9535
Alam, Md. Shahbub https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0880-9173
Uddin, S. M. Raihan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8648-578X
Hasan, Tawfeeq https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5932-5116
Pantho, Ovinobo Ghosh
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Article History
Received: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 28 May 2026
First Online: 18 June 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Sonargaon University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The research adhered to the ethical standards and guidelines set by the Center for Research Training and Consultancy (CRTC) of Sonargaon University. Approval was granted under the code CRTC/25/04, in compliance with institutional regulations governing research involving human participants.
: All participants were fully informed about the objectives and procedures of the study, and written informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were assured of confidentiality and anonymity throughout the research process in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Center for Research Training and Consultancy (CRTC), Sonargaon University.
: Generative artificial intelligence tools (M365 Copilot) were used to assist with language editing and stylistic refinement of this manuscript. All scientific content, analyses, and interpretations were developed by the authors, who assume full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the work.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
