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Article History

Received: 10 October 2025

Accepted: 1 June 2026

First Online: 3 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved human participants and was conducted in accordance with the ethical research standards of the institutional review committee of Universitas Brawijaya. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Universitas Brawijaya under Certificate Number: 215/UN10/KERIS/05/2026. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to the commencement of the study. All participants were provided with adequate information regarding the purpose, procedures, anticipated benefits, and potential risks of the study. Participants voluntarily agreed to take part in the research by providing written informed consent following a full explanation. This study did not involve animal experimentation, animal handling, invasive procedures, or collection of animal specimens. Therefore, approval from an animal ethics committee or an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) was not required. All ecological observation activities were conducted non-invasively and caused no disturbance to the organisms or the mangrove habitat. Consent to participate was obtained from all participants prior to the conduct of the study. All participants were provided with adequate information regarding the objectives, procedures, and potential risks of the research and voluntarily agreed to take part by providing written informed consent.

: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.