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Article History

Received: 14 December 2025

Accepted: 2 June 2026

First Online: 17 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Center for Research and Development at SIMAD University, Somalia (Approval Number: EC000159, Date of Approval: 09 December 2025). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Verbal consent, deemed appropriate by the approving ethics committee given the research context, was obtained and documented. Participants were assured of the anonymity and confidentiality of their responses.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any identifiable images or personal data of participants.

: The authors declare no financial, personal, or professional conflicts of interest that could have influenced the results or interpretation of this study. This transparency ensured the objectivity and reliability of the research, reinforcing the validity of the conclusions.