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Article History

Received: 31 January 2026

Accepted: 15 June 2026

First Online: 21 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors confirm that journal ethical guidelines were followed. The study did not use animals for direct experimentation but involved field observation, measurement, and questionnaire surveys. Data and feed sample collection followed verbal agreements with agricultural and local administration offices and dairy farmers.

: Each study participant gave informed consent after being fully informed of the study’s purpose, methodology, and voluntary participation. For illiterate participants, information was read aloud, and thumbprint or verbal consent was obtained in the presence of a witness.

: All authors have approved the manuscript for submission and provide consent for publication.

: The study did not use animals for direct experimentation but involved field observation, measurement, and questionnaire surveys with livestock owner consent.

: The authors declare no competing interests.