Document is current

Article History

Received: 1 February 2026

Accepted: 30 June 2026

First Online: 19 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Business School, Kazakh-British Technical University (Approval No. 19/2025; dated 19 November 2025). The research was conducted in accordance with the University’s institutional ethical requirements and the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki governing research involving human participants. All participants included in this study were adults aged 18 years or older and provided informed consent before participating in the research. Participation was entirely voluntary, and respondents were informed of the purpose of the study, their right to withdraw at any stage without consequence, and the confidentiality of their responses. No personally identifiable information was collected, and participant anonymity was maintained throughout the research process.

Consent for publication: Informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants. Participants were assured that no personally identifiable information was included in the manuscript. The authors confirm that the manuscript is original, has not been published previously, and that all authors and relevant institutional authorities have approved the submission.

Competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.

Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the manuscript preparation process: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used Grammarly to improve language clarity, readability, and grammatical accuracy. After using this tool, the authors carefully reviewed and edited the content as necessary and take full responsibility for the final content of the published article.