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Article History

Received: 14 February 2026

Accepted: 8 July 2026

First Online: 20 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper .

Ethical approval: This study, titled “Measuring and prioritizing water, energy, and food indicators for sustainable organic saffron production using a multi-criteria approach,” was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Tarbiat Modares University. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study prior to their inclusion. Participants were fully informed about the objectives of the research, the procedures related to the assessment of water, energy, and food sustainability indicators in organic saffron production, and their rights, including the right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. All data were collected and handled confidentially.

Consent to publish: Informed consent was obtained from all participants for the publication of anonymized data generated in this study on water, energy, and food indicators for sustainable organic saffron production. No personally identifiable information is included in the manuscript, and all data are presented in a fully de-identified format in accordance with ethical and data protection standards.