Sudiro, Achmad https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9745-9004
Adi, Agung Nugroho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-3088
Fithriana, Noora https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1464-1223
Soelton, Mochamad https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1055-4085
Ilmawan, Mirza Dwinanda https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5304-7564
Article History
Received: 8 March 2026
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 20 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study received ethical approval from the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University, Indonesia (Approval No. 9045/UN10.F02.11.32/AK/2025; 15 May 2025). All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants before participation in the survey. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could withdraw from the study at any time without consequence.
Consent for publication: Not applicable because the manuscript does not contain individual persons’ identifiable data, images, or case details requiring separate publication consent.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.