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Article History

Received: 16 March 2026

Accepted: 9 July 2026

First Online: 19 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Research Committee of Jigjiga University (Ref. No.: JJU/CNCS/Stat/51/2025). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Jigjiga University and in line with internationally accepted ethical guidelines for research involving human participants, such as the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, assured of confidentiality, and notified that their participation was voluntary. They were also informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.