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Article History

Received: 9 March 2026

Accepted: 9 July 2026

First Online: 21 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: Ethical clearance to conduct the study was granted by Haramaya University, School of Graduate Studies, through the Minute of the School Graduate Committee (SGC) meeting (Reference No.: SGCM-II-2025/26). All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations of Haramaya University and the requirements of the approving body.

Consent to participate: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and responses were anonymized and treated confidentially during analysis and reporting.

Consent to publish: Not applicable. This manuscript does not include any personally identifiable information.

Funding: This study was supported by the research budget of Haramaya University as part of the first author’s MSc thesis research. The funder had no role in the study design; data collection, analysis, or interpretation; manuscript preparation; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Clinical trial registration: Not applicable. This study is not a clinical trial.

Data availability: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because they contain human-participant survey information. An anonymized dataset and supporting materials may be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and subject to ethical and confidentiality considerations.