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Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 28 July 2026

First Online: 14 August 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval: This study received ethical clearance from the Research Ethics Committee of Universitas’Aisyiyah Bandung, Indonesia, under approval number 1562/KEP.01/UNISA-BANDUNG/II/2026. The research was conducted in accordance with established ethical principles applicable to social and behavioural research, including respect for persons, voluntary participation, and the protection of participant confidentiality. Given the non-invasive nature of the study and the absence of sensitive personal data, the research posed minimal risk to participants, limited to potential minor inconvenience related to time commitment or the expression of opinions. All data were anonymised at the point of collection, and no personally identifiable information was recorded. The data were securely stored in password-protected files and were accessible only to the research team.

Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Participants were provided with clear and comprehensive information regarding the purpose of the research, the procedures involved, and their rights as research participants, including the right to withdraw at any stage without any adverse consequences. Only individuals who provided explicit and voluntary consent were included in the study.

Consent to publish: Not applicable, as this manuscript does not contain any identifiable individual data.

Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.