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Article History

Received: 7 January 2026

Accepted: 3 August 2026

First Online: 3 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences (SINES), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. All human-related procedures were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All procedures performed were approved by an institutional ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Consent to Publish: Informed consent to participate and consent to publish were obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Competing interests: The author declares no conflict of interest.