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Article History

Received: 15 February 2026

Accepted: 18 August 2026

First Online: 15 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approaval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was granted on 20 November 2024 by the Director of the Department of Social Sciences at a Palestinian University, prior to data collection. In accordance with the Department’s governance procedures, individually numbered ethics approval codes are not issued for minimal-risk research involving anonymous online surveys with adult participants; therefore, no specific approval number was assigned. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, participated voluntarily, and provided informed consent. Their anonymity and confidentiality were ensured throughout the research process.

Consent to publication: Consent to Publish declaration: not applicable.

Clinical trial number: Clinical trial number: not applicable.

Competing interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the auhtors.