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Authors
Tanaka, Tetsuji https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-9815
Nagashima, Fumiya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6112-9105
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26K01835)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23K12483)
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Article History
Received: 18 February 2026
Accepted: 25 August 2026
First Online: 3 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was not required for this study, as it exclusively uses secondary data and does not involve human participants, personal data, surveys, interviews, or animal experiments. This study does not include human participants or personally identifiable data. Therefore, participant consent and participation declaration are not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Clinical trial registration: This study is not a clinical trial and therefore does not require registration in a clinical trial registry. The research relies exclusively on secondary data sources, including the GTAP MRIO database and FAOSTAT Food Balance Sheets, and does not involve human participants, medical interventions, or clinical treatments. Accordingly, trial registration, registry numbers, and registration dates are not applicable.
