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Authors
Ilomo, Frida M.
Mabhuye, Edmund Bwanduruko
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Article History
Received: 28 February 2026
Accepted: 26 August 2026
First Online: 30 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study received ethical clearance from the University of Dar es Salaam, Senate Research and Publication Committee (Ref. UDSM/SRPC/EC/2024/012) and approval from the Bahi District authorities (Ref. BDC/2025/056). Village leaders in the study sites also granted permission to conduct research. All procedures were designed to ensure accuracy, transparency and replicability.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Informed consent: All participants provided informed written consent and voluntarily participated in the study. They were assured that their involvement was entirely voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without consequences.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
