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Article History

Received: 11 June 2026

Accepted: 8 September 2026

First Online: 18 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: This study received ethical approval from the Research Committee of Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business (OYAGSB), Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (protocol, 1555–14 on 22 February 2026). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards and regulations of Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to their participation in the study. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed about the purpose of the research, as well as the anonymity and confidentiality of their responses.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare.