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Article History

Received: 7 May 2025

Accepted: 9 October 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr. Jensen Yeung has been an advisor, consultant, speaker, and/or investigator for Abbvie, Amgen, Anacor, Arcutis, Astellas, Bausch Health, Baxalta, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Centocor, Coherus, Dermira, Forward, Fresenius Kabi, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Lilly, Medimmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB, and Xenon. Dr. Marlene Dytoc has been an advisor, consultant, speaker, and/or investigator for Arcutis, Beiersdorf, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Galderma, L’Oreal, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB, and Sun Pharma. Dr. Dytoc has also received a research grant from Pfizer Canada. Dr. Eric Mutter has received payment/honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim for educational events/meetings/travel. Dr. Jan Dutz has been an advisor, consultant, speaker, and/or investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Meyer Squibb, Eli Lilly, Leo, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Solius.

: The patient photograph shown in Fig.  F was kindly provided by Dr. Robert Gniadecki with patient’s consent.