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Fairness-preserving framework for machine learning: data bias quantification, model evaluation, and robustness across multiple datasets

Published Online: 2025-12-01

Published Print: 2026-02

Authors

Uddin, Shahadat

Lu, Haohui

Hajati, Farshid
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-12-01

Version of Record valid from 2025-12-01
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Article History

Received: 12 April 2025

Accepted: 11 October 2025

First Online: 1 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or identifiable personal data, and therefore did not require formal ethics approval. All data used in this research were publicly available and anonymised. The authors affirm that the research was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and responsible AI practices.

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