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Tracking ability bias in generative AI: a comparative analysis of ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4.0, Gemini 2.0, and Grok 3

Published Online: 2026-01-08

Published Print: 2026-02

Authors

Landry, Brad

Sood, Aditya

Purvis, Evan
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-01-08

Version of Record valid from 2026-01-08
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Article History

Received: 24 July 2025

Accepted: 4 December 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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