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Authors
Donald, Andy
Galanopoulos, Apostolos
Ojha, Atul Kumar
Curry, Edward
Muñoz, Emir
Ullah, Ihsan
McCrae, John P.
Kalra, Manan
Saxena, Sagar
Iqbal, Talha
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National University Ireland, Galway
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Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 26 December 2025
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study used only publicly available datasets (BABE corpus, Hugging Face documentation comments) and synthetically generated text, with no personal or sensitive information involved. Human annotation was carried out by independent labellers with informed consent, and no identifying data were collected. The research adheres to GDPR requirements and the EU Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI.
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
