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Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Accepted: 16 January 2026

First Online: 8 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by an institutional review board, and all participants provided informed consent electronically at the beginning of the evaluation procedure. The study involved no medical or therapeutic intervention; participants engaged only in short chatbot interactions (10–30 min) and completed evaluation questionnaires.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data.

: Not applicable. This study was a non-clinical performance-evaluation experiment, not a clinical trial.