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Authors
Kashif, Muhammad
Muhammad, Dost
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National University Ireland, Galway
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Article History
Received: 15 December 2025
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 27 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Formal ethical approval was granted by the Faculty of Management Sciences, Riphah International University, on October 15, 2025.
: Informed consent was secured from all ten subjects involved in the qualitative study. All participants, including PTDC officials and private tour operators, were fully briefed on the research objectives and their rights (including the right to withdraw and guaranteed anonymity). Written consent was obtained before the semi-structured interviews.
