Funding for this research was provided by:
Social Science Foundation of Hebei Province (HB22YJ010)
Research Project of Social Science Development in Hebei Province (20230303029)
Teaching Research and Reform Project of Yanshan University (2024XJJG94)
National Social Science Fund of China (21BSH052)
Regional Economic Development Research Center of Yanshan University (JJ2218)
Article History
Received: 4 May 2025
Revised: 17 July 2025
Accepted: 20 July 2025
First Online: 8 August 2025
Declarations
:
: This paper doesn't involve animal or human studies.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.