Bigohe, Glodie Nzigire
Tshimanga, Raphael Muamba
Bigohe, Jean-Baillon Nzana
Makaly, Emmanuel Biey
Bola, Gode B.
Managa, Muthumuni
Achadu, Ojodomo J.
Nkanga, Christian I.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Royal Society through the International Science Partnership Fund (ISPF) – International Collaboration Awards (ICAO/R1/231012)
Royal Society through the International Science Partnership Fund (ISPF) – International Collaboration Awards (ICAO/R1/231012)
Royal Society through the International Science Partnership Fund (ISPF) – International Collaboration Awards (ICAO/R1/231012)
Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
:
: Ethical approval for this research was obtained from the Office of the Burgomaster of Lemba municipality, which authorized the survey within the community.
: All participants were informed of the objectives of the study and their voluntary participation. Informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to data collection.
: All authors approved this manuscript’s submission. Informed consent was obtained from all household participants for inclusion of anonymized data in any figures or tables, and for publication of any content that might otherwise identify individuals.
: The authors declare no competing interests.