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Authors
Byansi, Jude Zziwa
Semiyaga, Swaib
Katukiza, Alex Yasoni
Bateganya, Najib Lukooya
Nakaye, Angella Mercy
Kansiime, Frank
Kulabako, Robinah Nakawunde
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (EP/J00538X/1)
Kampala Capital City Authority (EP/J00538X/1)
Makerere University (EP/J00538X/1)
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Article History
Received: 28 January 2026
Accepted: 4 June 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study involved human participants and received ethical clearance from the Makerere University College of Business and Management Sciences Research Ethics Committee (CoBAMS-REC) (Reference: CoBAMS-REC-2023–14). The study was also approved and registered with the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST) (Reference: SIR254ES). All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the approving ethics committee and in compliance with the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology National Guidelines as well as applicable national laws and regulations. Prior to data collection, all participants were informed about the study objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, issues of confidentiality and anonymity, and their right to voluntary participation and withdrawal at any time without consequence. Freely given, written informed consent was obtained from all participants through signed consent forms before participation. The rights, safety, and welfare of participants were respected throughout the study in compliance with the ethical guidelines, regulations, and laws of Uganda.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
