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Article History

Received: 5 September 2025

Accepted: 31 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study is a computational analysis using the publicly available CSE-CIC-IDS2018 dataset. The creation of this dataset was conducted in a controlled lab environment by the Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity (CIC) and does not involve human participants or sensitive personal data. Therefore, ethical approval from an institutional review board was not required for this secondary analysis. Not applicable. This research utilizes a pre-existing, anonymized benchmark dataset (CSE-CIC-IDS2018) for network intrusion detection. No human participants were recruited or involved directly in this study.

: Not applicable. The dataset used in this study is publicly available and was published by the Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity (CIC) on the University of New Brunswick's website, which permits publication for academic and research purposes.

: The authors declare no competing interests.