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Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 6 March 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study utilized the Grassroots Governance Effectiveness Dataset, which is publicly available through the Kaggle repository ( ). The dataset consists of aggregated governance indicators, including administrative, service performance, and socioeconomic attributes, collected for analytical and research purposes. It does not contain any personally identifiable information, sensitive human data, or private metadata. As the research involves secondary analysis of anonymized and publicly accessible data, approval from an institutional ethics committee or review board was not required. Not applicable. The dataset used in this study was obtained from a publicly available Kaggle repository. Any necessary consent during data collection was obtained by the original dataset creators. Since the present research exclusively involves secondary analysis of anonymized and non-identifiable governance data, no additional participant consent was required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.