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Article History

Received: 22 September 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 24 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study did not involve human participants, animals, or any experiments requiring ethical approval. All analyses were based on publicly available secondary data. Not applicable. The study used aggregated, publicly accessible datasets that do not contain identifiable individual information.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not include data from human subjects or personal information requiring consent for publication.

Competing interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.