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Article History

Received: 26 December 2024

Accepted: 28 March 2025

First Online: 17 June 2025

Declarations

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: The materials used in this study were sourced sustainably as waste products to promote environmental responsibility. The eucalyptus plants were collected as part of Kampala International University’s waste disposal management initiative. The plantain stems were procured as agricultural waste from local farms, and the periwinkle shells were obtained from a waste dumping site. The collection and use of these waste materials comply with all relevant local and national guidelines for environmentally sustainable development. Additionally, the study adheres to the ethical guidelines established by Kampala International University for the collection, characterization, and documentation of waste materials. No special permissions or licenses were required for the collection of these materials.

: We, the authors, hereby grant permission to Discover Materials to publish this article in their journal. As the corresponding author, I affirm that the content of this manuscript is original, and I hold full legal rights to the intellectual property presented. I confirm that all necessary permissions for any third-party content have been obtained. We acknowledge that our work may be distributed, reproduced, and made publicly available by Discover Materials in both electronic and print formats, in accordance with their standard publishing practices. We understand and agree to comply with any additional terms and conditions stipulated by the journal, including copyright and licensing agreements. We confirm that we have no objections to the publication of this article in the journal and grant Discover Materials the right to publish and promote it.

: The authors declare no competing interests.