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Article History

Received: 14 December 2024

Accepted: 21 May 2025

First Online: 2 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted following approval from the Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University (meeting no. 74, registration no. 448, date: 2/11/2020).

: Our investigation was conducted in vitro, and we employed composite samples. There was no patient consent for the procedure.

: The authors declare no competing interests.