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A review of the latest developments regarding the heat treatment effects on hardness, impact toughness, and microstructure in AISI 1040, 4140, and 4340 medium carbon structural steels

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-025-00532-z

Published Online: 2026-01-05

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Mudda, Sharan

Hegde, Ananda

Sharma, Sathyashankara

Gurumurthy, B. M.

Poojary, Umanath R.
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-01-05

Version of Record valid from 2026-02-03
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Article History

Received: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 29 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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