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Authors
Shanta, Sharmin Sultana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8289-6749
Akbar, M. Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5688-6259
Osman, M. S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5783-0940
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 15 September 2025
Declarations
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: I, M. S. Osman, am a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Umm al-Qura University for Applied Sciences. However, the review and decision-making process for this submission was handled entirely independently by other members of the editorial board to ensure impartiality and transparency. The authors also declare that they have no known conflicting financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work. The authors have no other competing interests.
