Updates are available Correction dated 2025-12-15

Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Accepted: 3 July 2025

First Online: 28 July 2025

Change Date: 15 December 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43995-025-00281-3

Declarations

:

: I, Dr. Abdullah Saeed Karban, declare that I currently serve as a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Engineering and Architecture. My appointment to the editorial board occurred after the manuscript had already been submitted and published. I confirm that this appointment did not influence the peer-review process, editorial handling, or the final publication decision in any way.

: This study did not require formal Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval because it involved minimal-risk survey participation and did not collect any identifying or sensitive personal data. All procedures followed the ethical principles of voluntary participation, anonymity, and confidentiality in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and standard research ethics guidelines. No activities requiring IRB oversight were conducted, and no harm or risk was imposed on participants.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed of the purpose of the research, their right to withdraw at any time, and the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses. Participants provided their consent electronically by agreeing to the online consent form, as documented in the attached PDF file.