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Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 10 August 2026

First Online: 10 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was obtained from the Somali Regional Health Bureau, the institutional Review Boards of the participating hospitals in the study, and Maastricht University, which hosts the research team, considered the study under the case number FHML-REC/2023/125/Audit. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection, and participation was voluntary. Confidentiality and anonymity of participants were maintained throughout the study.

Consent for publication: The participants signed consent regarding publication of the hospital data shared with the researcher.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.