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Article History

Received: 3 July 2025

Accepted: 14 September 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani (Approval No. 233, dated 25/10/2020). All procedures performed involving human participants were in line with institutional and national research committee standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality of the respondents was assured.

: Not applicable.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.