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Authors
Sulaiman, Sabri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-6381
Reza, Md. Hasan
Abu Bakar Ah, Siti Hajar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0808-833X
Abd Wahab, Haris https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9834-3797
Jasni, Mohd Alif https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3915-8935
Baharudin, Mohd Norbayusri https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5876-4385
Amat Simin, Mohamad Hafis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-2726
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Code of Research Ethics Committee, University of Malaya (CREUM) (Approval No.: UM.TNC2/UMREC–498). All procedures involving human participants followed the Code of Research Ethics of the University of Malaya and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and other relevant international guidelines. The code of ethics ensures this study follows the high standards of excellence and morality in the research activities. Written informed consent to participate was obtained from all individuals involved in the study. Because some participants were under the age of 18 years, written informed consent was also obtained from their parents, legal guardians, or institutional caregivers (as appropriate), and assent was obtained from the children to confirm their voluntary participation.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
