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Authors
Ko, Geumbo https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2123-9338
Kwon, Myoungjin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-0863
Song, Youngshin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2203-5840
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Article History
Received: 28 July 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted using publicly available secondary data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), which is anonymized and ethically approved by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA). The Research Ethics Committee approval number for the 9th year (2022) in KNHANES was 2018-01-03–4 C-A. This study utilized publicly available national data, which is freely accessible through . No identifiable personal data were used; thus, specific consent for publication was not required.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
