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Authors
Takemura, Madoka
Higuchi, Michiyo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3921-5482
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19K10563)
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki in 2024 and the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Biological Research Involving Human Subjects issued by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan in 2023. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Graduate School of Nursing of Nagoya City University (ID number: 21024-5) on 3rd December 2021. Participation was fully voluntary. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, including the purpose and methods, and informed consent was asked at the beginning of the questionnaire. Only those who gave us informed consent participated in the study.
: All participants provided informed consent to publish.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
