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Article History

Received: 4 September 2025

Accepted: 10 December 2025

First Online: 31 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is based on secondary data obtained from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program, which operates under the approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of ICF International and the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). All DHS protocols comply with national and international ethical guidelines. Since the present study used anonymized, publicly available data, no additional ethical clearance was required from the authors’ institutions.

: Written informed consent was obtained by the DHS Program from all adult participants prior to each survey. For participants under the age of 18, consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians. No direct contact or interaction was conducted with participants by the authors of this study.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).

: The authors declare no competing interests.