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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 29 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Strategic Research Institute (SRI), Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU), Technology Park Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which approved the research protocol. All procedures followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants and the relevant institutional guidelines for qualitative social science research. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Participants were provided with clear information about the purpose of the research, their right to withdraw at any time, and the measures taken to ensure confidentiality and anonymity. All participants were adults, and no minors were involved in this study.

: Participants provided informed consent for the anonymized use of their interview data in publications and online open-access formats. No identifying personal information has been included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.