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Article History

Received: 31 December 2025

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 20 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Committee on Human Research Publication and Ethics (CHRPE) of the School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana (CHRPE/AP/058/24). The research protocol adhered strictly to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and CHRPE’s ethical standards governing research involving human participants. Additionally, administrative authorization was secured from the facility management prior to the commencement of data collection. To ensure anonymity and protect confidentiality, pseudonyms were assigned and identifying details were removed during transcription. Given the sensitivity surrounding providers’ service experiences, measures were taken to ensure that no information shared could expose respondents or facilities to professional and institutional risks. Audio files and transcripts were encrypted and stored on a password-protected devices accessible only to the research team.

: All participants provided informed consent prior to the interviews. Written consent was obtained from participants who were available to complete consent forms at the time of the interview. However, verbal consent was sought and audio-recorded for participants who preferred not to complete written documentation due to time constraints or clinical workload.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.