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Authors
Mtoro, Mtoro J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-0559
Stephano, Elihuruma Eliufoo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9605-3577
Oguma, Erick Donard
Mwalingo, Tegemea Patrick
Majengo, Victoria Godfrey
Masika, Lydia V.
Nyundo, Azan Abubakar
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Article History
Received: 4 January 2026
Accepted: 13 March 2026
First Online: 24 March 2026
Declarations
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: The study is based on the publicly available 2022 TDHS datasets, which are accessible online and have been de-identified hence ethical approval were not required. The initial survey was approved by the National Institute of Medical Research Ethics Committee in Tanzania and the ICF Macro Ethics Committee in Calverton, New York. We obtained permission to use the DHS data from MEASURE Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys after submitting a request outlining our data analysis plan. We downloaded the dataset from the DHS Program’s website upon receiving approval. Informed consent was obtained from participants before the interviews. As this study involved secondary data analysis of publicly accessible datasets, no consent to participate were required. However, informed consent was obtained from all participants during the initial survey. Further details can be found at .
: Not applicable.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
