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Article History

Received: 20 June 2025

Accepted: 15 September 2025

First Online: 27 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hope Enterprise University College. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards and guidelines of the committee. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study. Prior to their participation, each respondent was provided with a detailed information sheet outlining the purpose of the research, the procedures involved, the anticipated duration, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Participants were explicitly informed that their responses would remain anonymous and confidential, would be used solely for academic research purposes, and that aggregated findings might be published in scholarly articles. Consent was confirmed by the participants’ voluntary completion of the survey after reviewing the information, ensuring that the study was conducted ethically and in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: By agreeing to participate in this study, participants hereby provide their consent for the data collected to be used in aggregated and anonymized form for publication in academic and professional channels. All responses have been treated with strict confidentiality, and no personally identifiable information has been or will be included in any published material, including scholarly articles, reports, conference presentations, or public summaries of the research. Participants acknowledge that the findings may be used for educational and research dissemination purposes while ensuring their anonymity and privacy are fully protected.

: The authors declare no competing interests.