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Article History

Received: 16 May 2025

Accepted: 24 November 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using the RANZCR CLiP dataset, a publicly available and fully de-identified medical imaging collection. All patient-identifying information was removed from the images prior to their release. According to institutional guidelines, research based solely on pre-existing, anonymized public data does not constitute human subjects research and therefore, formal ethical approval from our institution’s review board was waived. The original data collection process by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) adhered to appropriate ethical standards. This study was also reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology (PTIT). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardians at the time of the original data collection for clinical care and potential secondary use in research, as per the policies governing the source dataset. As this study utilized only retrospective and fully anonymized data from this public repository, no direct contact with patients was made, and additional consent to participate was not required.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form that could lead to identification. All images presented are derived from a de-identified public dataset and have been processed for illustrative purposes.

: The authors declare no Conflict of interest.