Document is current

Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 5 December 2025

First Online: 26 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with ethical standards and national research guidelines. Ethical approval for the use of student academic data and associated digital engagement records was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). All procedures involving human participants adhered to relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians prior to inclusion in the study. Participants were fully informed about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the research, and participation was entirely voluntary.

: All participants provided consent for the publication of anonymized data. Any identifying information has been removed to protect privacy, and no individual student can be identified from the results presented in this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.