Escobar-Torres, Ricardo Daniel
Mendez, Julieta
Gardel-Sotomayor, Pedro Esteban
Villasanti, Ulises
Guggiari, Ana Liesel
Ferreira, Marta
Mello-Román, Julio Cesar
Vázquez Noguera, José Luis
García-Torres, Miguel
Servin, Jazmin
Verón González, María Silvia
Marín Ramírez, Cecilia María
Funding for this research was provided by:
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Paraguay (PINV01-922)
Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 15 January 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry “Santo Tomás de Aquino” at the National University of Caaguazú (CEI-FOUNCA), as endorsed by Resolution No. 09/2023 of its Board of Directors. The protocol was registered under Record No. R004/2024. The study therefore complies with international standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent for the use of their clinical data for research purposes. No identifiable personal data or facial images were published. For illustrative purposes, facial images were replaced with AI-generated images, and only anonymized intraoral views were included in the public domain dataset. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. For participants under the age of 18 years, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians.
: Not applicable.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.