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Article History

Received: 7 May 2025

Accepted: 13 January 2026

First Online: 8 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using publicly available, anonymised datasets and did not involve direct interaction with human participants, animals, or biological materials. Therefore, ethical approval was not required.

: The study used secondary data obtained from publicly available sources, and no individual-level participant recruitment or interaction was involved.

: No identifiable personal data, images, or sensitive information of participants are included in this manuscript.

: The authors confirm that the work described in this manuscript is original and has not been published, nor is it under consideration for publication elsewhere.

: The corresponding authors (Karthik S A and Gururaj H L) confirm that all authors have contributed substantially to the work, have read the journal’s policies, and agree with the submission of this manuscript.

: All figures, tables, and results presented in this paper were created by the authors and have not been previously published. No third-party copyrighted material has been used.

: The authors declare that there are no competing financial or non-financial interests in relation to this work.