Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 August 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Alicante (Spain) under the research project “Gamificación educativa potenciada por inteligencia artificial” (File Number UA-2025-05-24, approval date: May 29, 2025). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, as well as with applicable European and institutional regulations. The research used retrospective, fully anonymized interaction data obtained from Moodle logs and publicly available educational datasets. In accordance with institutional and European regulations, the Ethics Committee of the University of Alicante (Spain) granted a waiver of individual informed consent, as no identifiable personal data were processed.

: Not applicable. No identifiable personal data are included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.