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Article History

Received: 27 July 2025

Accepted: 12 February 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Scientific Group under the Faculty of Business Administration, Ho Chi Minh City University of Foreign Languages—Information Technology (HUFLIT) (Hereinafter referred to as HUFLIT Scientific Group), with the ethics approval number 02/ESSG in 2025. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with institutional guidelines and the ethical standards of the university.

: Verbal informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to their inclusion in the study conducted between May and August, 2025. Participants were informed of the purpose of the research, assured of confidentiality and anonymity, and made aware of their voluntary participation and right to withdraw at any time without penalty. The Ethics Review Board of the Scientific Group, HUFLIT, approved the use of verbal consent procedures for this research.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for the publication of anonymized data and research findings. For minors, consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.